History of the Land Luwu

 

Tomb of Datu Luwu (1900-1940)

History of the Land Luwu already started long before the reign of the Dutch East Indies began. Previous Luwu has become an empire that mewilayahi Tana Toraja (Makale, Rantepao) South Sulawesi, Kolaka (Southeast Sulawesi) and Poso (Central Sulawesi). This history is also known as Luwu Land Luwu name associated with the name La Galigo and Sawerigading.
After the Dutch beat Luwu, Luwu break resistance at landing the Dutch army commander who was challenged by the Kingdom of Luwu Andi Tadda together with his army in Ponjalae Palopo coast in 1905. Holland subsequently helps to build facilities and infrastructure to meet the needs of government throughout the colonial empire from South Luwu, Pitumpanua north of Poso, and from Southeast Kolaka (Mengkongga) to the West Tana Toraja. In the Netherlands Indies administration, system of government in Luwu divided into two levels of government, namely:

    * High-level Government is held directly by the Dutch Party.
    * Low-level Governance held by Party unoccupied.
With the dual system of government in governance in Luwu at the time, high levels of government held by the Dutch East Indies, and a low level held by the unoccupied but still regulated by the Dutch, but the de jure Government remains unoccupied. Following after the Dutch plenipotentiary in Luwu, the region Kingdom of Luwu start minimized, and broken down according to the will and interests of the Netherlands, namely:

    * Poso (Central Sulawesi current incoming), which originally included the Kingdom of Luwu separated, and formed one Afdeling.
    * Pitumpanua District (now District Pitumpanua and Keera) are separated and put into Wajo territory.
    * Then set up a department in Luwu headed by an Assistant Resident that domiciled in Palopo.
Next Afdeling Luwu divided into 5 (five) Onder Afdeling, namely:

    * Onder Afdeling Palopo, with its capital Palopo.
    * Onder Afdeling Makale, the capital of Makale.
    * Onder Afdeling Masamba, with its capital Masamba.
    * Onder Afdeling Malili, with its capital Malili.
    * Onder Afdeling Mekongga, with its capital Kolaka.
Later in the period of military occupation of Dai Nippon, the Japanese government does not change the government system, which applied to the army during the rule of Dai Noppon in Luwu (Year 1942), in principle, only to continue the system of government that has been applied by the Dutch, only replaced by Japanese dignitaries. Datu Luwu position in the government system in Civil, while the military government held by the Japanese. In the run Civil Administration, Datu Luwu given freedom, but still closely monitored by the Japanese military government at any time ready to punish the civilian officials who did not carry the will of Japan and the civil administration or the Datu Luwu in those days was "Andi Kambo Opu Tenrisompa "later replaced by his son" Andi Patiware "which kemuadian titled" Andi Jemma ".
In April 1950 Andi Jemma confirmed again his position as Datu / Pajung Luwu with the region to normal. Afdeling Luwu includes five Onder Afdeling Palopo, Masamba, Malili, Tana Toraja or Makale, Rantepao and Kolaka. In 1953 Datu Andi Jemma Luwu was appointed Governor of Sulawesi advisor, then Sudiro. When the Government made Luwu unoccupied, Andi Jemma was appointed as Head of unoccupied Luwu, in 1957 to 1960.
For the services he is against the Indonesian independence struggle, Andi Jemma has been awarded the Star Guerilla November 10, 1958, No. 36 822 which was signed by President Soekarno. In Andi Jemma's period of leadership as the King or the Datu last Luwu, as well as marking the end Autonomous system of government (decentralization). Dozens of state honors at the National Level has been given to Andi Jemma before he died on February 23, 1965 in Makassar. President Sukarno ordered for Datu Luwu buried lie in state at 'Cemetery of Heroes' Panaikang Makassar, which is chaired by the Regional Military Commander of Hasanuddin.
Later in the period after the Proclamation of Independence, the Kingdom of Luwu automatically integrate into the Republic of Indonesia. It was marked with a statement at the time of King Luwu Andi Jemma, among others, stated "Luwu Kingdom is part of the Territory of the Unitary Republic of Indonesia."
The Central Government issued Government Regulation No.34/1952 on Regional Dissolution of South Sulawesi formation Netherlands / Japan, including the status of the Regional Kingdom. Government Regulation No.56/1951 on the establishment of the Joint South. Thus the combined area of ​​the dissolved and its territory is divided into 7 seven autonomous regions. One of them is that mewilayahi Luwu Autonomous region all regions Luwu and Tana Toraja with central Government in the City Palopo.
Indeed, it was a few years later, the central government set several Emergency Law, including: - Emergency Law No.2/1957 on Regional Dissolution Makassar, Jeneponto and Takalar. - Emergency Law No. 3 / 1957 on Regional Luwu Dissolution and Bone Formation, Wajo and Soppeng. With the issuance of Emergency Law No. 4 / 1957, then became regional Luwu Autonomous Region and separated by Tana Toraja.
Luwu Autonomous Region as stipulated in the Emergency Law No.3/1957 is included:

    * Kewedanaan Palopo
    * Kewedanaan Masamba and
    * Kewedanaan Malili
Then on March 1, 1960 is set PP No. 5 of 1960 on the Formation of South Sulawesi Province Administrative Region has 23 Level II, one of them is a Regional Level II Luwu.
To create uniformity and efficiency of Local Government structure, and based on the Decree of Head of the Provincial Governor of South Sulawesi, Southeast No.1100/1961, formed 16th District in the Regional Level II Luwu, namely: - Wara - Larompong - Suli - Bajo - Bupon - Bastem - Walenrang - Limbong - Sabbang - Malangke - Masamba - Bone-Bone - Wotu - Mangkutana - Malili - Nuha
Village with 143 new styles. Four months later, rising SK Head of the Provincial Governor of South Sulawesi, Southeast No.2067/1961 of 18 December 1961 on the District Status Change in South Sulawesi, including at the Regional Level II Luwu into Districts. By referring also to the decree, then the status of the District in the Regional Level II Luwu turn into districts and the names kecamatannya remain guided by the decree of Head of the Provincial Governor of South Sulawesi Tenggara No. 1100/1961 dated 16 August 1961, with an area of ​​25,149 km2.
Developments in terms of Administrative Government in Luwu regency, in addition to the expansion sub-district, village and municipality as well enactment Luwu regency as one of the City Administrative (KOTIP) based on the Home Affairs Decree No.42/1986 dated 17 September 1986.
Thus the Administrative Luwu regency consists of one administrative city, three Vice Regent, 21 Sub Definitive, 13 District Representatives, 408 Definitive Village, 52 Village Foundation and Sub-District with an area based on data from the Sub Directorate of Agricultural Land Use in South Sulawesi Province is 17791.43 km2 and confirmed by the Decree of Governor of South Sulawesi KDH Level I 124/III/1983 No. 9 March 1983 concerning establishment of broad provincial, regency / municipality and district in the province of Provinces of South Sulawesi.
Province Area District / Municipality and District are now no longer in accordance with the real situation on the ground because there have been improvements boundaries between the provinces in South Sulawesi, then through collaboration Heads of Regional Offices of the National Land Agency and the Province of South Sulawesi Topography Kodam VII Wirabuana , Government of South Sulawesi Province Level I has been successfully prepared data about an area of ​​provincial, regency / municipality and district in the area of ​​the Province of South Sulawesi by the Decree of the Governor of South Sulawesi KDH Tk.I Number: SK.164/IV/1994 date 4 April 1994. The total area of ​​17695.23 km2 Luwu is definitive with 21 districts and 13 sub Maid.
In 1999, the beginning goes by the Reformation in the entire territory of the Republic of Indonesia, which has issued Law No.22 Year 1999 on Regional Governance, and changing the governance mechanisms that lead to regional autonomy.
Precisely on February 10, 1999, by Parliament Luwu issued Decree No. 03/Kpts/DPRD/II/1999, about the proposal and the Agreement Area Expansion Luwu regency is divided into two Regional Districts and the next Governor-Sul Tk.I KDH Tues No.136/776/OTODA follow up with the Decree dated February 12, 1999. Finally on April 20, 1999, formed the North Luwu stipulated by the Law of the Republic of Indonesia No. 13 of 1999.
Expansion Area Luwu regency is divided into:

   1. 1 Regency Luwu Saluampak limit Kec. Lamasi with Wajo boundary and Tana Toraja Regency, from 16 districts, namely:

    * District Lamasi
    * District Walenrang
    * Assistant District Telluwanua
    * District Warautara
    * District Wara
    * District of South Wara Maid
    * District Bua
    * Assistant District Ponrang
    * District Bupon
    * District Bastem
    * Assistant District Latimojong
    * District Bajo
    * District Belopa
    * District Suli
    * District Larompong
    * District of South Larompong Maid

   1. 2 North Luwu with Saluampak border district. Sabbang up to the border province of Central Sulawesi and Southeast Sulawesi, composed of 19 Districts, namely:

    * District Sabbang
    * Assistant District Baebunta
    * District Limbong
    * Assistant District Seko
    * District Malangke
    * District of West Malangke
    * District Masamba
    * Assistant District Mappedeceng
    * Assistant District Rampi
    * District Sukamaju
    * Sub-Bone Bone
    * Assistant District Burau
    * District Wotu
    * Assistant District Tomoni
    * District Mangkutana
    * Assistant District Angkona
    * District Malili
    * District Nuha
    * Assistant District Towuti

   1. 3 City is one saatu Palopo regencies in South Sulawesi province, Indonesia. The city previously Palopo administrative status of the city in force since 1986 turned into an autonomous city in accordance with Law No. 11 of 2002 dated 10 April 2002. The city has luass area 155.19 km2 and a population of some 120,748 people, and the number of District:

    * District Wara
    * District of North Wara
    * South Wara Kematan
    * District Telluwanua
    * Kecmatan East Wara
    * District of West Wara
    * Kematan Mungkajang
    * Kecamaatan Bara
    * District Sendana

   1. 4 Regency of East is one of regencies in South Sulawesi province, Indonesia. This district comes from the expansion of North Luwu authorized by Act No. 7 of 2003 on February 25, 2003. This district has an area of ​​6944.98 km2, with each district:

    * District Angkona
    * District Burau
    * District Malili
    * District Mangkutana
    * District Nuha
    * District Sorowako
    * District Tomoni
    * District of North Tomoni
    * District Towuti
    * District Wotu
After the distribution area of ​​the two District Luwu into three districts and one city, it is automatically reduced the total area of ​​this district with this regency, North Luwu, Regency of East and City Palopo based on a predetermined limit, namely:

    * Area is 3092.58 km2 Luwu
    * North Luwu Area is 7502.48 km2
    * City Area Palopo be 155.19 km2.
    * Area of ​​Regency of East becomes 6944.98 km2.

Semoga Bermanfaat Bagi Anda yang membacanya. 

Call "Daeng" in Culture Luwu / Palopo

Sultan Hasanuddin picture.

Call "Daeng" was sticking to the surface when one member of the committee Century, Ruhut Sitompul, calling the former vice president Jusuf Kalla to call "Daeng" in one session that presents Jusuf Kalla. Ruhut Sitompul action is torn widely criticized by another committee member who is also from South Sulawesi. Then if Ruhut wrong in using the nickname "Daeng"? For explanations please refer to the writings bugishy.
Call "Daeng" is little known is identical to the Bugis-Makassar culture. In fact, in South Sulawesi, calls "Daeng" used on at least two cultures with different meanings and significance. In the Bugis-Makassar culture, calls "Daeng" has the meaning as it has been adopted by many people (read article bugishy), but the culture of people Luwu / Palopo, calls "Daeng" has several meanings that can not say the same.
Demographic system in Indonesia does not recognize the existence of ethnic / cultural Luwu, so that the broad community that consists of 21 districts are classified as ethnic Bugis or Toraja, whereas they have culture and customs of its own - although there are similarities - is different from the Bugis, more -more Toraja.
In Luwu society, call "Daeng" at least has 3 meanings:
1. "Daeng" (without the name of the title) as respectfully call (honorofik) for older siblings, both male and female.
2. "Daeng" (without the name of the title) as a general call that very polite to older people (male or female). Function calls "Daeng" here applies to all walks of life and social stratification, whether they are married or not.
3. "Daeng" (the name of the title) as a call or a nickname given to someone who has been married. Call "Daeng" which accompanied the name of this title is not determined, but given by another person or community in accordance with nature or one's innate. For example, a person nicknamed "Daeng Pacidda" because it is always quick in the act (pacidda = act quickly). Someone nicknamed "Daeng Madduppa" because every prediction / word is always right and there (madduppa = happen). Someone nicknamed "Daeng Pabeta" because it is always profit / win in the competition (pabeta = profit / win).
Which still survive till now only points (1) and (2), while point (3) slowly no longer in use by the new generation. Nickname-nickname like that still I have encountered in my own parents and those segenerasinya, but no longer carried by the children or the next generation (although there are still a handful of families who still maintain it).
So if someone calls me with the greeting "Daeng" then the meaning greeting is included in point (2) above. Unfortunately, "Daeng" with the name of the title has not passed to my generation, even though my parents still use them. If it is used, the possibility of my nickname would be "Daeng Pa'blog" (pa'blog = people who like blogging).

Definition of Culture

Culture is closely connected to the community. Melville J. Herskovits and Bronislaw Malinowski argued that everything contained in this society is determined by culture which is owned by the community itself. The term for it is the opinion of the Cultural-Determinism.

Herskovits view culture as something handed down from one generation to another, who then referred to as superorganic. According to Andreas Eppink, cultures containing whole notion of social values​​, social norms, knowledge and overall social structures, religious, etc., again all the extra intellectual and artistic statement that characterizes a society.

According to Edward Burnett Tylor, culture is a complex whole, which it contains knowledge, belief, art, morals, laws, customs, and other skills gained a person as a member of the community.

According Selo Soemardjan and Soelaiman Soemardi, culture is the means of work, taste, and the copyright community.

From the various definitions, we can obtain an understanding of culture is something that will affect the level of knowledge and cover the system of ideas or the ideas contained in the human mind, so that in everyday life, the culture is abstract. While the embodiment of culture are the objects created by humans as being a civilized form of behavior and things that are tangible, such as behavioral patterns, language, equipment life, social organization, religion, art, etc., which all intended to help sustain the lives of human beings in society.

Culture and Tradition History

Culture or cultures derived from the Sanskrit namely buddhayah, which is the plural form of buddhi (mind or intellect), defined as matters relating to the mind and human reason. In English, the culture is called culture, which comes from the Latin word Colere, namely processing or working. Can be interpreted also as cultivate the land or farming. The word culture is also sometimes translated as "kultur" in Indonesian.

Definition of Culture
Culture is a way of life that developed and owned jointly by a group of people and passed down from generation to generation. [1] Culture is made up of many complex elements, including religion and political systems, customs, languages, tools, clothing, buildings, and works of art. [1] language, as well as culture, an integral part of the human self so that many people tend to see them passed on genetically. When someone tries to communicate with people of different cultures and adjust differences, proving that culture is learned. [1]
Culture is a holistic lifestyle. culture is complex, abstract, and broad. Many cultural aspects contribute to determine the communicative behaviors. The elements of this socio-cultural spread and cover a lot of human social activities. [2]
Some reasons why people experience difficulties when communicating with people from other cultures is seen in the definition of culture: Culture is a complex device polarization values ​​by an image that contains the views of its merits alone. "The image that forces" that takes different forms in various cultures such as "crude individualism" in America, "individual harmony with nature" d Japan and "collective compliance" in China. Cultural image that is forcing it to equip its members with guidelines on proper behavior and set a world of meaning and logical values ​​that can be borrowed by its members the most humble to gain a sense of dignity and affinity with their lives.
Thus, the culture which provides a coherent framework for organizing one's activities and enable it predict the behavior of others.